Résultats de recherche

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«The first objective [of this article] was to examine the heterogeneity in developmental trajectories of combined physical, indirect, proactive, and reactive aggression across childhood and into adolescence. […] The second objective was to better understand which antecedent characteristics, at the child, maternal, and family level, were associated with group membership.» (p. 828)

Questions/Hypothèses :
The authors «expected that a majority of children would follow moderate to low decreasing physical aggression trajectories with variation in stable to increasing indirect aggression over time. [They] also predicted that these same children would likely decrease in reactive aggression over time, with potentially increasing proactive aggression in children who were following increasing trajectories of indirect aggression. [They also] expected to find a small group of children who engaged in high and chronic forms and functions of aggression over time. Finally, [the authors] expected to see a group of children who did not engage in either forms or functions or aggression over time. [However, they] made no predictions regarding the specific antecedent characteristics that would distinguish between differing trajectories given that this is the first study to examine multi-trajectories of both forms and functions of aggression across childhood and into adolescence.» (p. 828)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«This study uses data collected from children enrolled in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). […] The initial sample was comprised of 2223 children and their families. Inclusion criterion in the current study was having a minimum of three assessments for each subtype of aggression, thus resulting in a final sample of 787 children.» (p. 828)

Instruments :
Questionnaire

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

The authors identified that «lower maternal IQ [intelligence quotient] was a risk factor associated with membership in both the high-desisting and high-chronic groups in particular. [Furthermore,] coercive parenting was associated with higher probabilities of membership in the high-chronic group as compared to the moderate-engagers, which would be expected. Coercive parenting, has repeatedly been implicated in children’s aggressive behaviour, which is likely attributable to both genetic transmission of risk and negative early child-rearing environments […]. Thus, the implication of coercive parenting for membership in the moderate-engagers and high chronic trajectories would suggest that in adequate parenting skills are a good target for early prevention efforts. [Also, maternal] depression has previously been implicated in children’s aggressive behaviour […], and is likely implicated via similar pathways as that of coercive parenting, particularly regarding early poor-quality dyadic interaction […]. [Moreover, this study shows that] not being breastfed appeared to increase the risk for membership in the moderate-engagers trajectory group. This finding provides some support to the growing body of work examining the association between breastfeeding and externalising problems. […] Taken together, these findings would suggest that early intervention efforts really ought to be tailored dependent on group membership, as risk factors, and the combination of risk factors, are not uniform across concomitant trajectories of form and function of aggression engagement.» (p. 834-835)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«Maternal stress during pregnancy (MSDP) has been linked to a decrease in Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in the general population. The purpose of this study is to first examine the association between MSDP and IQ in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and second, to confirm, in a large sample, the link between MSDP and ADHD behavioral symptomatology.» (p. 92)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«Four hundred ten children aged 6-12 were recruited from the Disruptive Behavior Disorders day hospital and the children’s outpatient clinic at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute in Montreal, Canada from 1999 to 2013.» (p. 94)

Instruments :
Questionnaire
Guide d’entretien directif

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«In our analysis, we in fact did not observe a significant contribution of MSDP on IQ. In this regard, our findings differ from those of Laplante et al. (2008) and of Van den Bergh et al. (2005), who both reported a negative impact of maternal stress during pregnancy on IQ. However, whereas these two studies looked at the effect of maternal stress during pregnancy in the general population, we looked at its effect in a high risk clinical population of children with ADHD, which might explain the difference between the observed tendencies. […] However, most of these studies investigated different stressors (pregnancy-related anxieties or daily hassles) from what we observed in our sample. In our study, MSDP relates more to stressful events during pregnancy, such as being physically abused or losing a home in a fire. This, along with the fact that we tested this hypothesis in an ADHD population, may explain why our findings diverge. […] What affected IQ was not MSDP but familial education [and] income […]. The latter might be attributable to the fact that we initially had more cases from lower socioeconomic background.» (p. 97-98)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«This was a prospective study designed to determine the extent to which the degree of exposure to prenatal maternal stress [PNMS] due to a natural disaster explains variance in the intellectual and language performance of offspring at age 52 while controlling for several potential confounding variables.» (p. 1036)

Questions/Hypothèses :
«We hypothesized that children born to mothers who experienced high levels of PNMS would exhibit poorer general intellectual and language functioning than their low-stress counterparts, after controlling for past and present maternal psychological functioning, past and present maternal life events, maternal postpartum depression, obstetric complications, SES, and the children’s ponderal index and gestational age. We expected that the effects of PNMS would be greatest in children whose mothers were exposed to the ice storm early in their pregnancies.» (p. 1036)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
89 5½-year-old children whose mothers were pregnant during the January 1998 ice storm crisis in Québec

Instruments :
Storm32 Questionnaire
Impact of Events Scale-Revised
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised
Other questionnaires

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«Children exposed in utero to high levels of objective stress had lower Full Scale IQs, Verbal IQs, and language abilities compared to children exposed to low or moderate levels of objective prenatal maternal stress; there were no effects of subjective stress or objective stress on Performance IQs. Trend analyses show that for all outcome variables except Block Design, there was a significant curvilinear association between objective stress and functioning.» (p. 1063) Thus, the authors conclude that «[p]renatal exposure to a moderately severe natural disaster is associated with lower cognitive and language abilities at 51/2 years of age.» (p. 1063) «Although the present study is unable to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed differences in intellectual and linguistic abilities, [the authors] suspect that exposure to high levels of objective PNMS may have altered fetal neurodevelopment, thereby influencing the expression of the children’s neurobehavioral abilities in early childhood.» (p. 1071)