Résultats de recherche

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«[T]he purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between recalled peer relationship experiences and current levels of Neediness and Connectedness. This paper is not meant to examine the development of depression itself, but rather the recalled developmental factors in childhood and adolescence that are related to current levels of a personality style that confers a vulnerability to depression.» (p. 264)

Questions/Hypothèses :
«It was expected that, controlling for parenting behaviours, better quality peer attachments would predict more Connectedness and less Neediness. It also was expected that peer attachments would relate more strongly to Connectedness and Neediness when parents were recalled as being uncaring, but would relate less strongly when parents were recalled as being controlling.» (p. 266)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«Questionnaires were administered to 200 college students (103 women) who ranged in age from 18 to 25». (p. 266)

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«This study found that, controlling for the effects of parental care and control as well as Neuroticism and Agreeableness, better quality recalled peer attachments were related to more Connectedness and less Neediness. Furthermore, the effects of peer attachments on Connectedness were stronger for males than females, and stronger when maternal care was low. The effects of peer attachments on Neediness were no longer significant when maternal control was high. These results suggest a role for peer attachments in the development of personality vulnerabilities to depression. Despite this, longitudinal research is required to clarify the relationships between parenting, peer attachments, and vulnerabilities to depression. Understanding the development of personality risk factors for depression may better allow the early identification of those at risk for depression as well as how best to prevent the development of a vulnerable personality style.» (p. 269-270)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
« The goal of the current study was to provide a prospective test of the vulnerability and contagion hypotheses of Joiner and colleagues’ extension of Coyne’s (1976) interpersonal theory of depression (Joiner, 1994a; Joiner et al., 1999; Joiner, Metalsky et al., 1999a) in a sample of children and early adolescents. Given that the transition from childhood to early adolescence represents a time characterized by immense change in school environment, social relationships, academic activities, cognitive development, and physiological development, it is likely that age-related differences in the relationship between excessive reassurance seeking and depressive symptoms emerge during this transition period. » (pp. 172-173)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
« The final sample consisted of 140 children (69 boys and 71 girls) and one of their parents (88 mothers and 14 fathers). In all cases, the participating parent met criteria for either a current (n = 48) or past (n = 54) major depressive episode as assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (First, Gibbon, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001). » (p. 174)

Instruments :
-« Reassurance-Seeking Scale for Children (RSSC; Joiner, 1999) » (p. 174)
-« Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 2003) » (p. 174)
-« Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck & Steer, 1987) » (p. 174)
-« Hassles Scale for Children (CHAS; Kanner, Feldman, Weinberger, & Ford, 1987) » (p. 174)
-« Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID-I; First et al., 2001) » (p. 175)

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

« The current study examined whether excessive reassurance seeking serves as a vulnerability factor to depression in a sample of high-risk youth using a multiwave longitudinal design. At Time 1, 140 children (aged 6–14) of affectively disordered parents completed measures assessing reassurance seeking and depressive symptoms. In addition, every 6 weeks during the following year, children and parents completed measures assessing depressive symptoms and the occurrence of hassles. In line with hypotheses, the results of contemporaneous analyses indicated that children with high levels of reassurance seeking reported greater elevations in depressive symptoms following elevations in either hassles or parental depressive symptoms than children with low levels. At the same time, the results of time-lagged analyses indicated that both these relationships were moderated by age with excessive reassurance seeking being associated with greater elevations in depressive symptoms following elevations in either hassles or parental depressive symptoms in older but not younger children. » (p. 171)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
« The goal of the present study was to examine the extent to which parenting variables may be related to self-handicapping in adolescents, independently of depressive affect. » (p. 633)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
141 adolescents (55 filles et 86 garçons)

Instruments :
1) Self-Handicapping Scale (SHS; Rhodewalt, 1990)
2) Parent Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker et al., 1979)
3) The Parent Stress Index-Short Form (PSI; Abidin, 1990)

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

« Most research on self-handicapping has focused on adults. Only a few studies have examined self-handicapping in adolescents or the particular characteristics of the family environment that are associated with self-handicapping. Adolescents (N = 141) and their mothers completed a series of questionnaires assessing adolescent self-handicapping, adolescent dysphoria, and parenting variables in mothers, including parenting styles (care and overprotection) and parenting stress due to situational variables, parent–child dysfunctional interactions, and behavioral characteristics of the child. Results showed (a) that self-handicapping was positively related to age in girls, but not in boys, (b) that there was a strong relation between self-handicapping and dysphoria in both boys and girls, (c) that mother-rated care negatively predicted self-handicapping in girls beyond the effects due to girls’ dysphoria, and (d) that maternal care moderated the relationship between self-handicapping and dysphoria in boys. Maternal care and depressive affect in young persons are independently related to self-handicapping behaviors in adolescents. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the hypothesized etiology of self-handicapping. » (p. 631)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
« The present study investigated how perceived competence and autonomy interact with dependency and self-criticism to predict mothers’ interactions with their adolescent sons. » (p. 369)

Questions/Hypothèses :
- « It was expected that dependency in mothers would be associated with a tendency to encourage autonomy in sons only when they were believed to be highly competent. » (p. 369)
- « Because of the harsh parenting experiences and hostile interpersonal styles associated with self-criticism, it was expected to be associated with harsh and punitive behavior toward sons. » (p. 370)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
« The subjects were 78 mothers of 12- to 15-year-old boys, who were recruited from newspaper ads. [...] The participants in the study were all residents of Montreal. The sons’ ages ranged from 12 to 15 years old [...]. All but 2 of the mothers were White native English speakers, and the 2 nonanglophones were competent and experienced in English. All but 5 of the mothers were married and living with the fathers of the sons taking part in the study. » (p. 370)

Instruments :
- Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt et al., 1976);
- Profile of Mood States (POMS; Lorr and McNair, 1980).

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

« A previous study found that dependency was associated with mothers’ reacting punitively to independent behavior of their adolescent daughters and that self-criticism was associated with punitive and controlling responses to adolescent daughters. To extend these findings to mother-son relationships, the present study examined relations between personality and parenting behavior in 78 mothers of adolescent boys. Mothers completed measures of dependency and self-criticism and of baseline affect, and then were given experimentally manipulated results of the sons’ ’initial assessment of problem-solving ability’ (competence) and choice of discussion partner. Affect was assessed again. Mothers ’coached’ sons on computer problem-solving puzzles. Dependency was associated with mothers’ giving fewer explicit commands and less negative feedback to (1) sons who were described as high in competence and who chose someone else as discussion partner and (2) sons who were described as average in competence and who chose the mother as discussion partner. It was concluded that mothers high in dependency relate to competent sons in ways that encourage independence, but relate to their less competent sons in ways that may foster dependency, by thrawing attempts at autonomy. » (p. 365)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
« The present study investigated the hypotheses that dependent parents are upset by, and responds negatively to, the autonomy of their adolescent children, whereas self-critical parents are critical and controling of their children, particularly in response to low achievement. » (p. 313)

Questions/Hypothèses :
« It was expected that dependent mothers would only feel secure in a relationship in which their daughters were dependent on them. [...] It was expected that dependent mother woul react to daughters’ behavior autonomously with anxiety, becoming punitive with their autonomous children and attempting to reassert their control. [...] As well, it was expected that mothers high in dependency would see mediocre ability as less threatening and would therefore reward daughters for seeming to require assistance. » (p. 313) « Because of the experience of harsh parenting and the conflict-filled interpesonnal styles associated with self-criticism, it was expected to be associated with a tendency to be harsh and punitive toward daughters. [...] It was also expected that reinforcement by mothers high in self-criticism would be influenced by the daughters’ ability, i.e. that they would react to mediocre ability with hostility and punitive behavior and to good ability with reinforcing behavior. [...] It was expected that self-criticism in mothers would be associated with a preference for distance in relationships with daughters and the tendency to find interactions with their daughters unsatisfaying and dysphoric. » (p. 314)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
« The subjects were 49 mothers of 12- to 15-year-old girls, who were recruited from newspaper ads. [...] The participants in the study were all residents of Montreal. The daughters’ ages ranged from 12 to 15 years old, with a mean age of 13,9 yr. All but seven mothers were White English speakers [...]. All but five mothers were married and living with the fathers of the daughters taking part in the study. » (p. 314)

Instruments :
- Depressive experiences questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D’Afflitti + Quinlan, 1976);
- Profile of moods states (POMS; Lorr + McNair, 1980) (test);
- Rating manual;
- Tapes of the interactions.

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

« Although there has been some investigation of how dependent and self-critical people recall their parents, there has been little investigation of the influence of dependency and self-criticism on parental attitudes and behavior. The present study examined the relations between personality and parenting styles in 49 mothers of adolescent girls. Mothers completed measures of dependency and self-criticism and of baseline affect, then were given experimentally manipulated results of the daughter’s initial assessment of problem-solving ability’s and choice of discussion partner. Affect was assessed again. Mothers’ coached daughters on computer problem-solving puzzles. When mothers were told that their daughters had chosen a discussion partner other than themselves, dependency was associated with explicit commands and negative feedback. Self-criticism was associated with explicit commands. When mothers were told that daughters had performed at a mediocre level, dependecy was associated with positive feedback. Self-criticism was associated with explicit commands and with negative feedbak, but did not interact with experimental variables to predict coaching behavior. It was concluded that mothers in high dependecy and self-criticism relate to their daughters in ways that may foster dependency and self-criticism by thwarting their children’s attempts at autonomy or by being punitive and controlling. » (p. 311)