Résultats de recherche

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«[T]his paper uses comparable secondary data sets from 1994 to 2008 to compare Canada and US [United States] on three distinct measures of violence among children and youth […].» (p. 300)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«The US data sets used are the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) and the Child/Young Adult Supplement of NLSY79 (CNLSY79), collected by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.» (p. 301) «The Canadian data set used is the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) conducted by Statistics Canada, which surveyed biennially a nationally representative sample of children from 1994 to 2008.» (p. 303)

Instruments :
Questionnaires

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«This paper starts out by showing that violence - hitting, bullying, and fighting - rates among 2–17 year old children or youth in US are much higher than in Canada. These cross-country violence gaps appear to have emerged early in children’s life and the early-life differences remain important as children grow up.» (p. 332) «Baker et al. (2008) study the introduction of universal and highly-subsidized child care in the late 1990s in Quebec and find that mothers’ labor supply increased and outcomes, including aggression, motor-social skills, and illness, worsened for 0–4 year old children. Kottelenberg and Lehrer (2013) confirm that the findings in Baker et al. (2008) are robust to the inclusion of most recently available cycles of the NLSCY. Sherlock et al. (2008) study the relationship between duration of maternity leave and the performance on the Motor and Social Development (MSD) scale among children up to 2 years of age. They find that one month of maternity leave is associated with an increase of 3% in the odds of impaired performance on the MSD.» (p. 329) Cet article comporte plusieurs comparaisons entre le Québec et les États-Unis, notamment sur les impacts des politiques familiales sur la criminalité.

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«[T]he goal of our research is to study income mobility experienced by Canadian children from the time they are 4 or 5 until they are 14 or 15.» (p. 111)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«This paper uses longitudinal microdata from the Statistics Canada NLSCY [National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth ] to study real family equivalent income mobility experienced by three cohorts of Canadian children as they grew from the age of 4/5 to 14/15 between 1994 and 2008.» (p. 122)

Instruments :
Questionnaire

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«We find, first, that there is considerable inequality of family income among Canadian children - a child at the 90th percentile has a material standard of living that is, on average, about five times that of a child at the 10th percentile. Second, we find persistence of income position as children grow up. […] A concern about inequality suggests that it is intrinsically unfair if one child is very affluent while another is very poor, particularly when inequality is persistent. Evidence of full socio-economic gradients in children’s health and educational outcomes suggests that persistent inequality during childhood is likely to translate into inequality during the adult years. Perhaps paradoxically, while we find evidence of persistence of position in the income distribution for some children, we also find more exposure to both low and high income than is indicated in cross-sectional data. […] We find that 25 percent of all observed inequality among all the children in our sample is attributable to year-toyear variations in family income experienced by any given child; 75 percent results from inequality of longrun average income across children.» (p. 122-123) Ce rapport fournit des comparaisons interprovinciales et contient donc plusieurs données pour la situation québécoise.

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«Given that going to school is a major component of most youth’s everyday life, and often also a common location of many juvenile criminal activities, the determination of youth school outcomes is inseparable from that of their criminal behaviour. Thus, this paper empirically investigates the joint correlates of Canadian youth academic and criminal outcomes». (p. 468)

Questions/Hypothèses :
«The question is then: how are youth outcomes determined?» (p. 468)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«The main data sets employed by this study are the masterfile of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) and 2001 Census. [...] The NLSCY is an ongoing survey of Canadian children and youth designed to follow their development and well-being from birth to early adulthood.» (p. 472)

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«At school level, ’cooperation’ through in-class group activities is highly correlated with better school outcomes and decreased levels of criminal activities for both boys and girls. More conventional measures of school quality, such as the type of school, class size, and teacher’s education attainment fall short compared to this group activity variable. [...] Echoing the findings in the Canadian children’s outcome literature [...], a number of important correlates are identified at personal and family level: (i) Parental education is strongly correlated with better school outcomes for boys and girls, but not correlated with criminal activities; (ii) Household income is found to be moderately related to boys’ and girls’ school outcomes, though not as important for their participation in criminal activities; (iii) Parental supervision is associated with both better school outcomes and fewer criminal activities for both boys and girls and the effects are large; (iv) Strong peer effect is present for both boys and girls, and is important for both school outcomes and criminal outcomes; and (v) Exposure to media violence is connected to moderately increased level of violent crime for boys.» (p. 493)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«This thesis consists of three interrelated yet self-contained empirical essays that use large-scale individual level survey data to study the problem of crime among children and youth in Canada and the United States.» (p. xii)

Questions/Hypothèses :
In the first essay, the question is «[w]hat are the most important correlates of Canadian youth outcomes, including participation in various criminal activities and academic performance or aspiration? [In the second one, it is why] is violence much more prevalent among American children than among Canadian children? [Finally in the last essay, the question is: what] is the impact of the YCJA on Canadian youth crime rates?» (p. 127)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
In the second essay,«[f]or the US, 1 use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) and the Child/Young Adult of NLSY 79 (CNLSY79). [...] For Canada, I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) [...].» (p. 51) For the third essay, «[t]he main data used in the paper are Cycle 3, 4, 6 and 7 of the NLSCY.» (p. 91)

Instruments :
Questionnaire

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

According to the author, in the first essay «[a]n extensive set of explanatory variables are examined, with the following variables found to be especially important for almost all youth outcomes considered in the essay: ''cooperation'' through in-class group activities, ''peer'' group effects, and parental supervision. [...] Empirical analysis carried out in [the second] essay shows that full-time maternal employment during the first three months post-birth increases violence significantly for these children and this effect is still present even after these children become teenagers. Consistent with the very different maternity leave policies in Canada and the US, American mothers are six times as likely to start working full-time within the first three months after giving birth. This difference in post-birth maternal employment accounts for a sizeable portion of the observed US-Canada violence gap among children and youth. Finally, [in the last essay the] baseline results and a series of robustness checks show that the more lenient treatment of minor crime under the YCJA leads to a dramatic increase in mischief among Canadian youth, particularly boys. This finding should not be interpreted as suggesting that the YCJA has failed compared to its predecessor, the YOA. A well-informed assessment of the YCJA’s success or failure requires paying close attention to all relevant costs and benefits brought by this policy change [...].» (p. 127-128)
Note : Cette recherche prend en compte la réalité de province du Québec et présente des statistiques sur celle-ci.