Résultats de recherche

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions of blame and the feelings of guilt that […] mothers of child with ASD [autism spectrum disorder] have experienced. This study also aims to better understand the contemporary forms of mother blaming that mothers caring for young children diagnosed with ASD can be subjected to.» (p. 236)

Questions/Hypothèses :
«Do mothers perceive and experience blame related to the development of their child with ASD? If so, what are the forms of blame?» (p. 236)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«Mothers were recruited at a rehabilitation center where their children were receiving early behavioral intervention services in the Montreal area (Canada). The participants had to live in the same home as their child with ASD to be eligible. […] Thirteen mothers expressed interest and were met.» (p. 237)

Instruments :
Guide d’entretien semi-directif

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse de contenu

3. Résumé

«Two major themes emerged from our analysis. […] The first theme emerged from our analysis focuses on contemporary forms of mother blaming that mothers had perceived in relation to their child’s diagnosis and his or her behaviours. The blame experiences reported by mothers in this regard presented themselves in three ways: (1) unveiling or not the child’s diagnosis and being seen as a mother who over-reacts, (2) being seen as a mother who is not able to raise her child, and (3) feeling guilty about “complaining”. (p. 239) «The second theme that emerged from our analysis focuses on the blame related to the fact that the “good” development of the child depends on the parental involvement in the intervention program. Three forms of mother blaming experiences related to that theme were identified: (1) feeling guilty for not having detected the child’s ASD symptoms earlier, (2) feeling guilty for not doing “enough,” and (3) feeling guilty for doing “too much”.» (p. 241) «Many forms of mother blaming experienced by the mothers in this study were mostly expressed by strangers, members of their family, their spouse, and friends. Although the mothers did not explicitly tell experiences of mother blaming related to social workers and practitioners they encountered with their child, some mothers argued strongly that the pressure mothers feel stems from having to do a lot of stimulation and intervention sessions with their child.» (p. 245)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«Maternal stress during pregnancy (MSDP) has been linked to a decrease in Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in the general population. The purpose of this study is to first examine the association between MSDP and IQ in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and second, to confirm, in a large sample, the link between MSDP and ADHD behavioral symptomatology.» (p. 92)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«Four hundred ten children aged 6-12 were recruited from the Disruptive Behavior Disorders day hospital and the children’s outpatient clinic at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute in Montreal, Canada from 1999 to 2013.» (p. 94)

Instruments :
Questionnaire
Guide d’entretien directif

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«In our analysis, we in fact did not observe a significant contribution of MSDP on IQ. In this regard, our findings differ from those of Laplante et al. (2008) and of Van den Bergh et al. (2005), who both reported a negative impact of maternal stress during pregnancy on IQ. However, whereas these two studies looked at the effect of maternal stress during pregnancy in the general population, we looked at its effect in a high risk clinical population of children with ADHD, which might explain the difference between the observed tendencies. […] However, most of these studies investigated different stressors (pregnancy-related anxieties or daily hassles) from what we observed in our sample. In our study, MSDP relates more to stressful events during pregnancy, such as being physically abused or losing a home in a fire. This, along with the fact that we tested this hypothesis in an ADHD population, may explain why our findings diverge. […] What affected IQ was not MSDP but familial education [and] income […]. The latter might be attributable to the fact that we initially had more cases from lower socioeconomic background.» (p. 97-98)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«The objective of this study is to assess whether children with ADHD [Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder] in our sample present a different prevalence of asthma than children in the general Quebec population and explore what specific factors may increase the risk of asthma in the ADHD population.» (p. 111)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«Two hundred one children (155 males and 46 females) with ADHD, aged between six and 12 years, were consecutively recruited from the ADHD clinic at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute in Montreal (DMHUI), Quebec, Canada.» (p. 111)

Instruments :
Questionnaire

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«Given the numerous risk factors that have been associated with the onset of asthma in the general population, we examined possible variables that have been identified in the literature including: prematurity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, obstetrical complications, maternal stress during pregnancy, history of breastfeeding, family income, gender and age. Only prematurity and stress during pregnancy significantly predicted asthma.» (p. 112) «The results of this study suggest that children with ADHD have a higher prevalence of asthma than the general Quebec pediatric population. Our study shows that children with ADHD born prematurely and/or whose mothers experienced moderate to severe stress during pregnancy are at significantly higher risk to develop asthma, independently of other previously reported risk factors. These findings add to existing literature on the negative outcomes of maternal stress during pregnancy and prematurity, pointing to environmental remediation as an important preventative measure.» (p. 114)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«[T]he specific aim of this study was to determine the extent to which PNMS [prenatal maternal stress] and its timing explained variance in disordered eating in Project Ice Storm children.» (p. 512)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«Women who were pregnant in January 1998 and lived in the area most harshly affected by the ice storm were invited (5 months after the storm hit) via a mailed invitation to take part in the project. […] At a 131/2-year follow-up (the object of this report), 54 children who had been conceived prior to the ice storm hit participated.» (p. 513)

Instruments :
Questionnaires

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«This prospective study assessed the impact of mothers’ experiences while pregnant of an environmental stressor on the later development of maladaptive eating behaviors in a cohort of children who had been exposed during the gestational process. Overall, our results suggest that mothers’ exposure to ice storm stress in the latter (third trimester) phase of pregnancy was associated with heightened EAT-26 [Eating Attitudes Test] total scores in affected offspring, over and above the component explained by sex (being female) and BMI [body mass index] (having a higher body mass). Furthermore, we obtained some evidence of interaction between stress and timing of exposure, suggesting that late pregnancy may be a “window of vulnerability” during which the more severe was a mothers’ objective hardship from the ice storm, the more likely was her child to eventually develop disordered eating. Indications that mothers’ stress exposures during late pregnancy may be especially detrimental to later signs of disordered eating in exposed children “echo” other findings, indicating that third trimester stress can have special impact on later emotional adjustment in children exposed to gestational stress in utero.» (p. 515)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«The purpose of this report is to conduct a meta-analysis of studies that have addressed the relation between MPSA [maternal prenatal stress or anxiety] and early child cognitive development by considering all reported associations between the 2 sets of variables across studies and to examine the potential contribution of different moderators in understanding this association.» (p. 38-39)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
«[A] total of 11 studies, reporting 27 MPSA-child cognitive outcome effect sizes were identified as relevant for this study. These studies include a total N of 5903 mother-child dyads. Sample size ranges from 66 to 3139.» (p. 40)

Type de traitement des données :
Analyse statistique

3. Résumé

«The results of the present meta-analysis underline 2 critical points. First, there seems to be a consistent, low-level association between maternal prenatal stress or anxiety (MPSA) and later child cognitive development. Even in the low-risk circumstances that most pregnancies afford in the western world, where almost all of the current studies were conducted, stress and anxiety during pregnancy are meaningfully and negatively associated with later child cognitive outcome. The magnitude of the effect size is similar to that obtained when examining the relation between MPSA and birth-related variables such as Apgar scores, birth weight, or gestational age and supports the current consensus surrounding the proposal that maternal stress and anxiety are related to fetal programming processes beyond the immediate perinatal circumstances, even under normative, low-risk circumstances. However, results do vary significantly across studies,
indicating that potential moderating variables are worth considering and that further study in this area be conducted with care. Specifically, the results reveal that studies that report on more objective life events as indicators of MPSA yield greater effect sizes than those that pertain to pregnancy-related stress or other subjective indicators of the MPSA experience.» (p. 41)

1. Objectifs

Intentions :
«Notre recherche se concentre sur le dépistage par analyse de sérum maternel, une technique de dépistage prénatal. Or, cette technique présente un faible degré de fiabilité. De nombreuses questions éthiques découlent donc de cette pratique. Dans le cadre de notre travail de recherche, nous analysons les enjeux éthiques qui entourent l’utilisation de ce dépistage, puisque les normes éthiques peuvent exercer une certaine influence sur la pratique médicale. […] Notre travail de recherche a donc pour but de proposer quelques recommandations au sujet de l’attitude à adopter au Québec en regard du dépistage par analyse de sérum maternel, et même du diagnostic prénatal dans son ensemble.» (p. iii)

2. Méthode

Échantillon/Matériau :
Données documentaires diverses

Type de traitement des données :
Réflexion critique

3. Résumé

«Nous sommes d’avis qu’un programme de dépistage prénatal ne peut être lancé que dans le cas où tous les éléments essentiels à sa bonne marche sont réunis, et que des mécanismes de surveillance sont mis en place. Ainsi, le Québec devrait s’assurer de former un nombre suffisant de conseillers en génétique de façon à ce que le dépistage prénatal soit accompagné d’un service de conseil génétique. Ce service de conseil génétique, accompagné de l’éducation et de la formation de l’ensemble des professionnels de la santé, permettrait d’assurer la transmission de l’information et un soutien adéquats aux femmes enceintes, ainsi qu’à leur conjoint. Ceci permettrait de diminuer de beaucoup le niveau d’anxiété vécu par les femmes enceintes ainsi que leur conjoint durant le processus de dépistage qui, ne l’oublions pas, est parfois suivi d’un diagnostic prénatal.» (p. 196-197) Une partie de cette thèse concerne les droits des parents qui ont mis au monde un enfant handicapé suite à une erreur dépistage prénatal.